Epilepsy Affects Millions — Here’s What You Should Know

Epilepsy is more common than many people realize and is often misunderstood. It is a neurological disease that affects the central nervous system and is marked by recurring seizures. These seizures occur when clusters of nerve cells in the brain send out abnormal electrical signals, briefly disrupting the brain’s usual rhythm and activity. Depending on the area of the brain involved, seizures can look very different, from brief lapses in awareness or staring spells to full-body convulsions.

A diagnosis of epilepsy is typically made when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures, a single seizure with a high likelihood of recurrence, or when a specific epilepsy syndrome is identified. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classifies epilepsy as a disease rather than a disorder, underscoring its seriousness and the importance of timely, appropriate care.

Epilepsy can develop at any age and has many possible causes, including genetics, brain injury, stroke, infection, or developmental conditions, though in many cases the exact cause is unknown. While seizures can be frightening, epilepsy is often manageable. Medications help control seizures in about two-thirds of people, and other treatments such as specialized diets, nerve stimulation, or surgery may be effective when medication alone is not enough.

Globally, epilepsy affects an estimated 50 million people, roughly 1 in every 100 individuals. Yet stigma and misunderstanding remain significant challenges. Learning seizure first aid, supporting ongoing research, and advocating for accessible, affordable treatment can all make a meaningful difference. With greater awareness comes greater compassion and a clearer path to improving the lives of those affected.

Aid for Seizures

Watching someone have a convulsive seizure can be unsettling, but knowing what to do can make all the difference. During this type of seizure, a person may lose consciousness and fall. The body often becomes stiff at first, followed by rhythmic jerking or twitching of the arms and legs. Recovery can take several minutes, and the person may feel confused or exhausted afterward.

Here’s how you can help safely and effectively:

• Stay calm. Your steady presence matters more than you think.
• Protect from injury. Gently guide them away from danger and clear the area of sharp or hard objects.
• Ease them onto their side as the seizure subsides. This helps keep the airway clear and allows fluids to drain.
• Do not put anything in their mouth. It is a myth that someone can swallow their tongue.
• Do not restrain their movements. Let the seizure run its course.
• Avoid food or drink until they are fully alert and able to swallow safely.
• Time the seizure. Most seizures end within a few minutes. Call emergency services if it lasts longer than five minutes, if seizures happen back-to-back, or if the person is injured, pregnant, or has diabetes.
• Stay with them until they are fully awake and aware. Offer reassurance as they recover. 



Learning these simple steps can turn a moment of fear into one of support and safety. For more information about epilepsy and seizure first aid, visit the Epilepsy Foundation at www.epilepsy.com.